Forward displacement pipettes are a key tool for accurately transferring liquids in the laboratory. The standardization and accuracy of their operating procedures are crucial to ensuring the reliability of experimental results. Before you start using a forward displacement pipette to transfer liquids, understanding and following a series of rigorous procedures is the basis for a successful experiment.

1. Preparation stage 1. Choose a suitable pipette: (1) Select a pipette with an appropriate range according to the amount of liquid that needs to be transferred. For example, if you need to pipette 15 microliters of liquid, it is best to choose a pipette with a maximum capacity of 20 microliters. (2) Select the appropriate pipette type according to the characteristics of the liquid (such as volatility, viscosity, etc.). 2. Install the pipette head: (1) Install the pipette head on the pipette and ensure that the connection is tight and leak-free. Generally, the rotational installation method is recommended, that is, insert the pipette tip into the corresponding part of the pipette, and then rotate it half a turn counterclockwise to secure it. 3. Pre-rinse the tip: (1) Before starting pipetting, rinse the tip 1-2 times with the liquid to be pipetted to eliminate internal air bubbles and improve pipetting accuracy. This step is especially important for liquids that are viscous or have a different density than water.

2. Pipetting stage 1. Set the pipetting volume: (1) Adjust the pipetting volume control knob of the pipette to set the pipetting volume. When adjusting, the scale should be rotated to a scale that exceeds the set volume depending on the volume, and then returned to the set volume to ensure the best accuracy of pipetting. 2. Aspirate liquid: (1) Immerse the pipette head vertically into the liquid, ensuring that the tip of the pipette tip is 2-3 mm below the liquid surface. (2) Smoothly press the button on the pipette (usually divided into first and second gears) to generate negative pressure inside it to aspirate liquid. Be careful not to aspirate more liquid than the pipette's maximum capacity to avoid spillage or damage to the pipette. (3) After absorbing the liquid, you can stay in the air for a few seconds to observe whether there are bubbles entering the tip. If there are bubbles, you need to re-aspirate. 3. Discharge liquid: (1) Move the pipette head above the target container and keep the tip vertical. (2) Smoothly press the button on the pipette (usually press to the first gear to drain out most of the liquid), and then continue to press to the second gear to drain out the remaining liquid. Pay attention to controlling the flow rate of the liquid to avoid liquid splashing or bubbles.

3. Ending stage 1. Remove the suction head: (1) After use, press the suction head push rod with your thumb and press down to safely exit the suction head. Used tips should be stored separately from new tips to prevent cross-contamination. 2. Cleaning and maintenance: (1) Adjust the capacity of the pipette to the maximum marked value, and then hang the pipette on the special pipette stand. (2) Regularly check the sealing condition and accuracy of the pipette to ensure that it is in good working condition. (3) If the pipette is not used for a long time, it should be stored in a special box.

4. Precautions (1) During the entire operation, the pipette should be kept vertical to avoid liquid leakage or damage to the pipette. (2) Avoid using a pipette to mix liquids to avoid affecting accuracy and damaging the pipette. (3) It is strictly prohibited to use pipettes to absorb highly volatile and corrosive liquids, such as concentrated acids, concentrated alkali, etc. (4) Calibrate the pipette regularly to ensure its accuracy and reliability.

The operation process of forward displacement pipette requires us to make sufficient inspection and preparation work before use to ensure the accuracy and safety of the pipette; during the operation process, we must strictly abide by the specifications and control every detail in detail. Steps are taken to achieve precise transfer of liquids; and after the operation, we cannot take it lightly and must take appropriate cleaning, calibration, and storage measures to maintain the long-term performance and accuracy of the pipette. Through this series of rigorous operating procedures, we can not only improve the reliability of experimental results, but also extend the service life of pipettes, providing strong support for scientific research and experimental work in the laboratory.

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