![\"LAMP](\"https:\/\/opentrons.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/111ack.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFigure 1: LAMP stack. <\/em> The magic of the LAMP stack is that if you are making a web application, you can stay on top and write some PHP scripts without having to think about controlling the process at the underlying operating system layer. Now you don't need to be a professional computer scientist to make a website, just know some simple scripts. This points us to another important thing about stacks: the same abstraction layer can be populated by different technologies. In our LAMP example, the abstraction layers are (from bottom to top) operating system, web server, database server, and scripting language; the technologies that populate these abstraction layers are Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n These same abstraction layers can be populated by different technologies to create other stacks, such as the widely used MEAN Stack, which uses MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js as specific technologies stacked together. The modern web development stack is largely a thing of the past. LAMP and MEAN are a thing these days, but LAMP remains one of the most common technology combinations on the internet (source) because it was the first to make it possible for almost anyone to Technology portfolio for building websites. That\u2019s the power of the stack: it lets people do things they couldn\u2019t handle without it, gives people access to technology that was previously out of reach of many, and accelerates development by orders of magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Biology is so complex that our only chance of engineering it is to use a stack (or stacks). Drew Endy was the first to articulate this idea in his 2003 Nature review \"Fundamentals of Engineering Biology.\" There, he identified \"standardization, decoupling, and abstraction\" as key elements that make up the new discipline of \"synthetic biology.\" These three engineering concepts build on genetic engineering tools that have been developed since the first restriction enzymes were used to reprogram DNA in the 1970s, and together they create a new biotech approach we call for \"synbio\". This video shows Drew making this argument on a whiteboard in 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n HTTPS:\/\/There are pictures. Not hungry\/X IU and 7KD rz LK?\u56db=8DA74ADS SKhimFX H5<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rob Carlson further developed this ideain his 2010 book Biology is Technology<\/em>. <\/em>Carlson traces the history of the development of abstraction layers that enabled the design and engineering of the incredibly complex aircraft and integrated circuits we take for granted today. Here he quotes one of the internet\u2019s earliest developers, Ginkgo Bioworks co-founder Tom Knight:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \"We have an opportunity to leverage our complexity and information management tools to modularize, abstract and understand biological systems. Just as we simplify and abstract components from physics to allow us to build billions of component processors, we can and will Can modularize, abstract, and understand biological components with the explicit goal of building artificial biochemical and biological systems.\" - Tom Knight, quoted in Biology is Technology<\/em> (Rob Carlson, 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The creation of the Synbio Stack will free people from thinking about individual DNA base pairs so they can focus on designing new biological applications. It will become easier than ever for more people to use biotechnology to create new applications, allowing them to find solutions to the huge existential problems facing humanity today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If layers of abstraction are so important to engineering biology, what are all the different layers? What technologies can fill these gaps? There are many ways to slice the pie, and each Synbio lab may be using a slightly different configuration of the technology. That said, I think there are four (very broad) levels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Figure 2: Synbio stack<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Each of these layers can be broken down into further layers and sub-layers. However, even through this 30,000-foot view of the Synbio stack, we can see the advantages of layers of abstraction for people building with biology. Stacks divide the large and complex work of creating a new organism into several smaller, less complex tasks. This makes what was once impossible now possible. There are opportunities for people and organizations to specialize at different levels to build the capabilities needed there. With a synbio stack like this, someone using CAD software to design a DNA part, for example, wouldn't have to think about the step-by-step process a robot would perform to create its design. This means they can focus on the very difficult job of designing functional parts of DNA. Organizing the creation of new biological products in this way makes it possible to build teams and solve problems that were previously impossible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" introduce I ask myself a few questions every day: How d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":780,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"\nWhy are \"stacks\" important to biology?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
What is Synbio Stack?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/opentrons.com.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/222ck.jpeg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n